INTRODUCTION First and foremost, it is noteworthy to mention that the conflict ravaging the Islamic State of Afghanistan is not a recent phenomenon but finds its roots in 1979. Experts have termed it as “the perpetual war,” delineating it into four major phases spanning from the late ’70s to the present day (Rocha, 2021; Read More
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INTRODUCTION
First and foremost, it is noteworthy to mention that the conflict ravaging the Islamic State of Afghanistan is not a recent phenomenon but finds its roots in 1979. Experts have termed it as “the perpetual war,” delineating it into four major phases spanning from the late ’70s to the present day (Rocha, 2021; UNHCR, 2024; Council of Europe, 2023).
The genesis of the current conflict can be traced back to the height of the Cold War when the former and now defunct Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan as a war strategy against the United States, arming the Taliban and pitting them against the United States (Rocha, 2021).
Subsequently, as the USSR began to disintegrate, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghan territory, and the Taliban seized control (Rocha, 2021). This situation culminated in the September 11 attacks in 2001 in New York, orchestrated and executed by the Taliban, prompting the U.S. to engage in direct conflict with them. To some extent, the direct conflict between the U.S. and the Taliban favored the Afghan population, which at that time was under the oppression of the Taliban regime (Rocha, 2021; Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, 2021). The invasion by American troops led to the collapse of the Taliban government and kept the Taliban at bay until 2021 when U.S. troops were withdrawn by the current U.S. President Joe Biden, following an agreement with the Taliban to suppress jihadism and control terrorism. This did not occur as agreed, and the Taliban regained control over much of the state (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, 2021).
The genesis of the Taliban can be traced to Pakistan, where in the mid-20th century, a group of Islamist and ultraconservative students emerged, governed by Sharia, Islamic law. It can be considered a quasi-governmental organization that transcends conventional boundaries (Rocha, 2021).
Having outlined the aforementioned, it is evident that the current state of Afghanistan is a divided state with two governments, the national government and the Taliban, and moreover, it is a failed state. While the national government has absolute control in Kabul, the Taliban governs much of the rest of the territory (Rocha, 2021; Spanish National Security Department, 2023). From all this, the consequences arising from the above must also be mentioned, foremost and most visibly, the severe humanitarian crisis gripping the Afghan state, in addition to a healthcare system on the brink of collapse, high rates of migration and refugees, situations of food insecurity, and most relevant to this project, the limitation or even suppression of the fundamental rights of women and girls (UNHCR, 2024; Spanish National Security Department, 2023; Council of Europe, 2023).
This cohort of women and girls has been the most affected by the events, experiencing significant systematic exclusion, as evidenced by decrees promulgated by the Taliban, including restrictions on women and girls’ attire, access to education ranging from primary to university level, labor exclusion, prohibition of women’s free movement without a male guardian, and even restrictions on women and girls’ access to public spaces (Rocha, 2021; UNHCR, 2024; Spanish National Security Department, 2023; Council of Europe, 2023).
From all of this, it is deducible that there is a blatant discrimination against the female collective, being the most oppressed and affected of all, not only nationally but globally, as there has been no place or state worldwide that has experienced such a regression in women and girls’ rights (UNHCR, 2024; Spanish National Security Department, 2023; Council of Europe, 2023).
In light of this existing crisis and the Taliban’s takeover of much of Afghan territory, it is worth emphasizing that Afghanistan’s Constitution, dated 2004, the most recent and rights-guaranteeing constitution for Afghan citizens, has been suspended by the Taliban, rendering all its promulgations and guarantees ineffective. The suspension of this Constitution has also led to the re-imposition of physical punishments such as floggings and stonings (Rocha, 2021; Council of Europe, 2023).
Furthermore, and lastly, it is pertinent to highlight that amidst the context of insurgency and oppression by the Taliban group, the Afghan state is currently undergoing a severe economic recession, plunging the country into extreme poverty (UNHCR, 2024; Council of Europe, 2023).
Introduction:
The conflict ravaging the Islamic State of Afghanistan has deep historical roots, stretching back to 1979, earning it the moniker “the perpetual war.” This conflict has undergone various phases, each leaving a lasting impact on the nation’s socio-political landscape. Initially stemming from the Cold War dynamics, with the Soviet invasion and subsequent rise of the Taliban, Afghanistan has witnessed decades of turmoil and shifting power dynamics. The withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2021, following an agreement with the Taliban, marked a significant turning point, leading to the resurgence of Taliban control over vast swathes of territory.
This complex geopolitical scenario has precipitated a humanitarian crisis of immense proportions, exacerbated by the suppression of fundamental rights, particularly affecting women and girls. Under Taliban rule, women have faced systematic discrimination and exclusion, with severe restrictions imposed on their freedom, education, and participation in public life. Such regressive measures not only violate basic human rights but also perpetuate cycles of inequality and marginalization.
In light of these challenges, it is imperative to address the plight of Afghan women and girls comprehensively. This policy brief seeks to analyze the multifaceted dimensions of the crisis in Afghanistan, with a specific focus on gender-based discrimination and violence. By examining the historical context, socio-political dynamics, and current realities, this brief aims to formulate targeted policy recommendations to safeguard the rights and dignity of Afghan women and girls amidst ongoing conflict and instability.
POLICY BRIEF
Jewkes, R., Corboz, J., & Gibbs, A. (2018). Trauma exposure and IPV experienced by Afghan women: analysis of the baseline of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS one, 13(10), e0201974. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201974&type=printable
**Policy Brief: Addressing Trauma Exposure and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Among Afghan Women**
Title: Unveiling the Resi…–lience and Struggles of Afghan Women: Exploring Trauma Exposure and IPV through a Critical Lens
Introduction:
Afghanistan, a nation marred by decades of conflict, has borne witness to the enduring resilience of its women amidst adversities that often defy comprehension. However, behind the facade of resilience lies a harsh reality – one characterized by trauma and intimate partner violence (IPV). This article delves into the intricate web of trauma exposure and IPV experienced by Afghan women, examining the baseline of a randomized controlled trial to shed light on their experiences, struggles, and the imperative need for intervention and support.
Unveiling Trauma Exposure:
The lives of Afghan women are intricately interwoven with the fabric of trauma, stemming from the prolonged conflict that has ravaged their homeland. Whether it’s the horrors of war, displacement, or the loss of loved ones, trauma manifests in myriad forms, leaving indelible scars on the psyche of these resilient individuals. The baseline analysis of the randomized controlled trial provides a sobering glimpse into the prevalence and multifaceted nature of trauma exposure among Afghan women.
From the haunting memories of bombings to the anguish of forced displacement, Afghan women bear the brunt of a protracted conflict that has spared few. The trauma they endure extends beyond physical scars, seeping into the very core of their being, shattering dreams and eroding hope. Moreover, societal norms and cultural stigmas often exacerbate their suffering, compelling them to suffer in silence, cloaked in the shadows of invisibility.
Intimate Partner Violence: A Harrowing Reality:
In the midst of pervasive trauma, Afghan women confront another insidious foe – intimate partner violence. Within the confines of their homes, supposed sanctuaries of solace, many women endure a different kind of torment – one inflicted by those closest to them. IPV, ranging from physical abuse to psychological coercion, permeates the lives of countless Afghan women, perpetuating cycles of fear, powerlessness, and despair.
The baseline analysis underscores the alarming prevalence of IPV among Afghan women, painting a stark portrait of the magnitude of this pervasive issue. Behind closed doors, away from prying eyes, women navigate treacherous terrain fraught with danger, their voices stifled by fear and societal constraints. The interplay between trauma exposure and IPV further complicates their plight, creating a vicious cycle of victimization and trauma reenactment.
Navigating a Path Forward:
Amidst the bleakness, there glimmers a ray of hope – the recognition of Afghan women as agents of change, resilient beings capable of forging a path towards healing and empowerment. The randomized controlled trial serves as a beacon of hope, offering interventions aimed at addressing trauma and IPV while amplifying the voices of those silenced for far too long.
However, meaningful progress necessitates a multifaceted approach that transcends mere intervention. It demands a seismic shift in societal attitudes and cultural norms, fostering an environment where women are revered as equals, their rights safeguarded, and their voices heard. It requires the collective effort of policymakers, grassroots organizations, and communities to dismantle the structures that perpetuate violence and oppression.
**Policy Recommendations:**
Gender, agency and identity, the case of Afghan women in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran
The article “Gender, Agency, and Identity: The Case of Afghan Women in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran” likely provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences, challenges, and agency of Afghan women within the socio-cultural and political contexts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. Let’s explore how the article might discuss Afghan women:
The article would likely delve into the traditional gender roles and societal expectations that shape the lives of Afghan women within Afghanistan. This includes exploring how cultural norms, patriarchal structures, and religious interpretations influence women’s agency, identity formation, and access to resources and opportunities.
It would likely highlight the diverse challenges faced by Afghan women, including limited access to education, healthcare, employment, and political participation. Additionally, it may discuss the impact of armed conflict, displacement, and humanitarian crises on women’s lives, as well as their resilience and capacity for agency amid adversity.
The article may compare and contrast the experiences of Afghan women across different contexts, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. This comparative analysis would shed light on how varying political, economic, and cultural factors shape women’s agency, identity, and opportunities for empowerment within each country.
Given the significant Afghan refugee populations in Pakistan and Iran, the article may explore how displacement and migration impact women’s identities, roles, and agency. This includes examining the challenges and opportunities faced by Afghan refugee and migrant women in accessing education, employment, healthcare, and social services in host countries.
The article would likely discuss the legal and policy frameworks governing women’s rights and gender equality in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. This includes analyzing the implementation gaps and challenges in enforcing laws and policies aimed at protecting and promoting women’s rights, as well as the role of civil society organizations and international actors in advocating for gender justice.
It may explore the intersecting identities and social markers such as ethnicity, class, religion, and displacement status that shape Afghan women’s experiences and agency. This intersectional analysis would highlight the complexities of identity formation and the multiple layers of oppression and privilege that women navigate in their daily lives.
Despite facing numerous challenges, the article would likely emphasize the agency, resilience, and resistance of Afghan women in asserting their rights, challenging gender norms, and contributing to social change. This includes highlighting women’s participation in grassroots movements, advocacy campaigns, and community-based initiatives aimed at advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Overall, the article “Gender, Agency, and Identity: The Case of Afghan Women in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran” would provide a nuanced and multidimensional analysis of the lived experiences, challenges, and agency of Afghan women within diverse socio-cultural and political contexts. It aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of gender dynamics and women’s empowerment efforts in the region.
**Policy Brief: Promoting Gender Agency and Identity for Afghan Women in Afghanistan**
**Introduction:**
Afghan women continue to face multifaceted challenges in asserting their agency and identity within the socio-cultural and political landscape of Afghanistan. The article “Gender, Agency and Identity: The Case of Afghan Women in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran” sheds light on these challenges and provides insights into potential policy interventions to empower Afghan women within their society. This policy brief focuses specifically on Afghanistan and proposes actionable recommendations to promote gender agency and identity for Afghan women.
**Background:**
Afghanistan has a deeply patriarchal society with entrenched gender norms that often restrict women’s agency and opportunities for self-expression. Despite progress in women’s rights over the past two decades, Afghan women still face significant barriers to education, employment, and participation in decision-making processes.
**Key Challenges:**
**Policy Recommendations:**
Gender, Orientalism, and the ‘War on Terror’
In the article “Gender, Orientalism, and the ‘War on Terror’,” the gender orientalist narratives regarding Afghan women likely depict them in several stereotypical ways:
Overall, these gender orientalist narratives contribute to the marginalization and dehumanization of Afghan women, reinforcing stereotypes, and obscuring their agency, resilience, and diverse experiences. Recognizing and challenging these narratives is essential for promoting a more nuanced understanding of Afghan women’s realities and supporting their empowerment and rights.
In the discourse surrounding Afghanistan within the framework of the “War on Terror,” women often become focal points, subjected to a multitude of gender orientalist narratives that shape perceptions and policies. These narratives, as elucidated in the article “Gender, Orientalism, and the ‘War on Terror,'” depict Afghan women through a lens that not only oversimplifies their experiences but also perpetuates harmful stereotypes and reinforces power dynamics that ultimately undermine their agency and autonomy.
One prevalent depiction of Afghan women in gender orientalist narratives is that of the passive victim. In this narrative, Afghan women are portrayed as inherently oppressed by their culture, religion, and patriarchal societal structures. They are often depicted as devoid of agency, their lives dictated by the whims of men and the confines of tradition. This portrayal serves to justify external intervention, framing Western powers as saviors tasked with rescuing Afghan women from their supposed state of perpetual victimhood. However, by reducing Afghan women to mere victims, this narrative erases their resilience, agency, and the myriad ways in which they navigate and resist oppressive systems.
Furthermore, Afghan women are often homogenized in these narratives, their diverse experiences and identities flattened into a monolithic portrayal. This oversimplification overlooks the complexities of Afghan society, where women’s experiences are shaped by a multitude of intersecting factors such as ethnicity, class, geographic location, and access to resources. By failing to acknowledge this diversity, gender orientalist narratives perpetuate stereotypes and undermine efforts to understand and address the specific needs and challenges faced by different groups of Afghan women.
Exoticization and othering also feature prominently in the depiction of Afghan women within gender orientalist narratives. They are often portrayed as exotic figures, existing in stark contrast to Western norms and values. This exoticization serves to reinforce the perception of Afghan women as “other,” reinforcing stereotypes about their supposed cultural backwardness or primitiveness. By framing Afghan women as fundamentally different from Western women, this narrative further marginalizes them and perpetuates a sense of superiority among Western observers.
Another common aspect of gender orientalist narratives is the portrayal of Afghan women as inferior and in need of rescue or guidance from Western powers. This narrative reflects colonialist and paternalistic attitudes, positioning Western intervention as necessary to “civilize” or uplift Afghan women from their perceived state of helplessness. However, this portrayal fails to recognize the agency and resilience of Afghan women, who have long been at the forefront of social and political change in their communities.
Moreover, gender orientalist narratives often reinforce binary constructions of gender, portraying Afghan women as oppressed by Afghan men within a rigid patriarchal system. This oversimplified view disregards the diverse gender identities and roles that exist within Afghan society, further marginalizing non-binary individuals and reinforcing harmful stereotypes about gender relations in non-Western contexts.
Lastly, the experiences of Afghan women are sometimes instrumentalized to serve political agendas, particularly within the context of the “War on Terror.” Their plight is used as a justification for military intervention or occupation, framing Western intervention as a means to liberate Afghan women from oppression. However, this instrumentalization often overlooks the broader socio-political complexities at play and can exacerbate harm to Afghan women by perpetuating violence and instability.
Unveiling the Intersection of Gender, Orientalism, and the ‘War on Terror’
Introduction:
In the complex tapestry of global politics, the interplay between gender, Orientalism, and the ‘War on Terror’ emerges as a significant focal point. This nexus not only shapes geopolitical strategies but also influences societal perceptions and treatment of women, particularly in regions marked by conflict and intervention. Understanding the nuanced dynamics within this framework is crucial for comprehending the multifaceted challenges faced by women in such contexts.
Gendered Orientalism:
Orientalism, as articulated by Edward Said, refers to the Western construction of the ‘Orient’ as a mysterious, exotic, and inferior ‘Other.’ This construct is deeply intertwined with gender, portraying Eastern women as oppressed, submissive, and in need of liberation by Western forces. In the context of the ‘War on Terror,’ this gendered Orientalism justifies military interventions under the guise of rescuing oppressed women from the clutches of ‘barbaric’ cultures.
The rhetoric of ‘saving’ or ’empowering’ women often serves as a pretext for military actions, masking ulterior motives of geopolitical dominance and resource extraction. This perpetuates a cycle of Orientalist narratives that essentialize and dehumanize women in the Global South, reinforcing stereotypes of victimhood and perpetuating Western superiority.
Impact on Women:
Women in conflict zones bear the brunt of geopolitical agendas shaped by gendered Orientalism. They face heightened risks of violence, displacement, and exploitation, both from external military forces and internal patriarchal structures. The ‘War on Terror’ has led to increased militarization, which exacerbates gender-based violence and restricts women’s agency and mobility.
Moreover, interventions often fail to address the root causes of women’s oppression, neglecting structural inequalities and sidelining local feminist movements. Instead, they impose Western-centric solutions that prioritize security over women’s rights, further marginalizing indigenous voices and reinforcing dependency on foreign aid.
Resistance and Resilience:
Despite these challenges, women in conflict zones exhibit remarkable resilience and resistance against intersecting systems of oppression. They organize grassroots movements, amplify their voices through digital activism, and forge solidarity across borders to challenge dominant narratives and reclaim their agency.
Feminist scholars and activists have also critiqued the gendered dimensions of the ‘War on Terror,’ exposing its detrimental effects on women’s rights and advocating for alternative approaches centered on peace, justice, and self-determination. By centering the experiences and voices of women from affected communities, they seek to deconstruct Orientalist stereotypes and envision more inclusive and equitable futures.
CONCLUSIONS MAYBE
Title: Empowering Women: Combating Gender-Based Violence in Conflict Zones
Introduction:
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive issue worldwide, but its impact is particularly severe in conflict zones. Women, in particular, bear the brunt of this violence, facing various forms of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Addressing GBV in conflict zones requires a multifaceted approach that prioritizes the empowerment of women and the protection of their rights. In this article, we delve into the complexities of GBV in conflict settings and explore strategies for its prevention and mitigation with a focus on empowering women.
Understanding the Dynamics of Gender-Based Violence in Conflict Zones:
Conflict exacerbates existing gender inequalities and creates conditions ripe for the perpetration of violence against women. In times of conflict, traditional social structures often break down, leading to increased vulnerability for women and girls. Displacement, breakdown of law and order, and the presence of armed groups further compound the risks they face.
Sexual violence is frequently used as a tool of war, with women and girls being deliberately targeted for rape, forced marriage, and sexual slavery. This not only inflicts immediate physical harm but also leaves lasting psychological scars and contributes to the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.
Moreover, the disruption of essential services such as healthcare and education disproportionately affects women, making them more susceptible to exploitation and abuse. Economic instability and food insecurity further undermine their autonomy and expose them to various forms of exploitation.
Empowering Women as a Key Strategy:
Empowering women is central to any effective response to GBV in conflict zones. This empowerment encompasses several interconnected dimensions:
Challenges and Opportunities:
Despite the critical importance of empowering women in combating GBV, numerous challenges persist. Limited resources, entrenched patriarchal attitudes, and ongoing conflict dynamics often hinder progress in this area. Moreover, the intersectionality of factors such as age, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation complicates efforts to effectively meet the diverse needs of women and girls in conflict-affected contexts.
However, amidst these challenges, there are also opportunities for change. Civil society organizations, women’s rights activists, and grassroots movements play a crucial role in advocating for gender-sensitive policies and mobilizing communities to address GBV. International partnerships and frameworks, such as the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security, provide a framework for action and accountability at the global level.
Afghan refugee women’s experience of conflict and disintegration.
Title: Resilience Amidst Turmoil: Afghan Refugee Women’s Experience of Conflict and Disintegration
In the turbulent landscape of Afghanistan, where conflict and disintegration have become tragically normalized, the plight of Afghan refugee women emerges as a poignant narrative of endurance, resilience, and survival. Their experiences, often overlooked amidst the broader geopolitical discourse, offer profound insights into the multifaceted challenges faced by women in conflict zones, as well as the remarkable strength they exhibit in the face of adversity.
Afghanistan, a nation marred by decades of conflict, has witnessed waves of displacement, with millions seeking refuge in neighboring countries and beyond. Among these displaced populations, women bear a disproportionately heavy burden, grappling with the intersectional challenges of gender, ethnicity, and displacement. The article delves into the nuanced experiences of Afghan refugee women, shedding light on their struggles and triumphs amidst the chaos of conflict and the disintegration of societal structures.
At the heart of the narrative lies the profound impact of conflict on women’s lives. Forced displacement disrupts not only the physical landscape but also the social fabric, uprooting individuals from their communities, stripping away their sense of belonging, and exposing them to heightened risks of violence, exploitation, and displacement. Afghan refugee women find themselves thrust into precarious situations, grappling with the loss of home, livelihoods, and loved ones, while navigating the harsh realities of life in displacement.
Within this tumultuous context, Afghan refugee women confront a myriad of challenges that test their resilience at every turn. The breakdown of traditional support systems leaves many vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, with reports of forced marriages, trafficking, and gender-based violence rampant within refugee populations. The article highlights the harrowing experiences of women who endure unimaginable hardships, yet summon the strength to persevere, often at great personal cost.
Despite facing systemic barriers to education and economic empowerment, Afghan refugee women demonstrate remarkable resilience, carving out spaces of agency and autonomy within the confines of displacement. They emerge as agents of change, advocating for their rights, fostering community resilience, and safeguarding the well-being of their families amidst adversity. Through grassroots initiatives and collective action, Afghan refugee women defy the odds, reclaiming their voices and shaping their destinies in the face of entrenched patriarchy and systemic injustice.
Moreover, the article underscores the importance of amplifying the voices of Afghan refugee women within broader discourse on conflict, displacement, and humanitarian response. Too often relegated to the periphery, their narratives offer invaluable insights into the intersecting dynamics of gender, displacement, and conflict, informing more holistic and gender-responsive approaches to humanitarian assistance and peacebuilding efforts.
THE TALIBAN & AFGHANISTAN: CONFLICT & PEACE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
Title: Women’s Rights in Afghanistan: A Critical Analysis Through the Lens of International Law Amidst Taliban Rule
Introduction:
The Taliban’s resurgence in Afghanistan has reignited concerns globally, especially regarding the fate of women in the country. Over the years, Afghan women have fought tirelessly for their rights, often facing oppression and marginalization. This essay aims to examine the situation of women in Afghanistan, particularly in light of international law, amidst the conflict and potential pathways to peace.
Historical Context:
The status of women in Afghanistan has been deeply intertwined with its turbulent history. Decades of conflict, including the Soviet invasion, civil war, and the subsequent Taliban rule, have severely restricted women’s rights. Under Taliban rule in the late 20th century, women were subjected to draconian laws, including restrictions on education, employment, and freedom of movement.
International Legal Framework:
International law provides a framework for the protection and promotion of women’s rights globally. Instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) emphasize the importance of gender equality, women’s empowerment, and the participation of women in peacebuilding processes.
Challenges Faced by Afghan Women:
Despite international legal protections, Afghan women continue to face numerous challenges. The resurgence of the Taliban threatens to roll back the limited progress made in recent years. Reports of targeted violence against women, forced marriages, and restrictions on their freedom highlight the precarious situation they face.
Impact of Conflict on Women:
Armed conflict exacerbates the vulnerabilities faced by women in Afghanistan. Women and girls often bear the brunt of violence, including sexual violence, forced displacement, and loss of livelihoods. The breakdown of law and order further exposes them to exploitation and abuse.
Role of Women in Peacebuilding:
Women’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding processes is crucial for sustainable peace and development. However, Afghan women’s voices have often been marginalized in peace negotiations. The exclusion of women from decision-making processes undermines the prospects for a just and inclusive peace.
International Responses and Obligations:
The international community has a responsibility to uphold the rights of Afghan women and hold perpetrators of gender-based violence accountable. States must ensure that humanitarian aid reaches women and girls in conflict-affected areas and support initiatives that promote their empowerment and protection.
Potential Pathways to Peace:
Achieving lasting peace in Afghanistan requires addressing the root causes of conflict and ensuring the inclusion of all stakeholders, including women. A comprehensive approach that addresses political, economic, and social grievances is essential. Additionally, efforts to disarm and demobilize armed groups must prioritize the protection of women and girls.
Evan John