THESIS PREPARATION

GUIDELINES
(Rev.1:2012)
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CHAPTER I: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS
Introduction
This guide is to assist graduate research students of Universiti Tun Abdul Razak in
preparation for their thesis. It sets the minimum requirements for format and final form of
higher degree thesis that must be met in order to get approval of the University. The
Graduate School of Business (GSB) welcomes any query from graduate students on matters
related to their thesis.
Submission of Thesis
As required by the Senate of UNIRAZAK, candidates intending to submit their thesis must
comply with the following procedures:
1. A candidate is required to give at least three months advance information in writing by
filling the Submission and Defense of Final Thesis Form (FM-GSF-05) of his intention
to submit his/her thesis for approval. The form can be obtained from the Office of
Graduate School of Business.
2. On completing the approved program of study and research, a candidate must submit to
the Dean of Graduate School of Business four copies of his/her thesis for examination
(bound with soft cover).
3.
A candidate must, within 60 days (subject to the recommendation by the Board of
Examiners) after successful defense of his/her thesis, submit to the Dean of Graduate
School of Business hardbound copies of the approved thesis together with a soft copy
(CDs). One copy will be deposited with the Library, one with the Office of Graduate
School of Business, one for Internal Examiner and the fourth with the Supervisor
concerned. The University will defer the degree to a candidate unless and until
these requirements have been met.
All theses will be the permanent property of the University and the copyright in their
original form rests with the University and not with the authors.
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Technical Specifications
Candidates are advised to consult the Graduate School of Business on matters pertaining to
thesis format before submitting their drafts. This will avoid unnecessary delays and errors.
Typing
The preferred font is Times New Roman. The entire text of the thesis, headings and page
numbers, must be typed using the same font. Other accepted fonts are:
Arial
Book Antiqua
Bookman
Courier
Palatino
The font size accepted for the general text is 12 points and should not be scripted or
italicized except for scientific names and terms in different language. Footnotes and text in
Tables should be at least 8 points. Bold print can be used for headings.
Symbols or special characters or notations not found on the computer keyboard used by the
candidate should be drawn with a mechanical guide with black Indian ink. No crossing-out
of letters or words is permitted. The use of transparent tape for patching in any form is not
allowed. Erased parts must be clean.
Margins
The stipulated margin for rest of the pages is as follows:
Top edge
Right side
Left side
: 30mm
: 25mm
: 35mm
Bottom edge : 25mm
The margins are meant to facilitate binding and trimming. All information (text, heading,
footnotes, illustrations and page numbers) must be within the text area. A new paragraph at
the bottom of a page must have at least two full lines of type or else it should begin on the
next page.
Spacing
The line spacing should be set at double spacing on one side of the paper only. The
following should be single-spaced:
Abstract and translation of Abstract.
Acknowledgement.
Table of contents (except between entries of two chapters and other major sections).
Explanatory footnotes (if necessary).
Quotations longer than three lines set in a block.
References or bibliography.
Multi-line captions (tables, figures, and plates).
Appendices (questionnaires, letters).
Headings or subheadings.
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Pagination
Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including pages for tables,
figures and appendices. Each appendix should be identified separately using a big letter (A,
B, C, etc.). The pages of the appendices should be numbered accordingly. Page numbers
should appear by themselves and should not be bracketed, hyphenated or accompanied by
decorative devices.
The preliminary pages are numbered in small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc). The title page
at the front of the thesis is counted as page i, but the number is not typed. All other
preliminary pages should be numbered centrally and since the bottom margin is 25 mm, the
number must appear 12.5 mm from the bottom of the page.
Page I begins with first page of the Introduction (Chapter 1). The numbering of this page is
made at the upper right-hand corner of the page. The number should appear at least 15 mm
in the space between the top edge of the paper and the first line of text.
Length of Thesis
The recommended Ph.D. thesis and Master’s thesis should generally not exceed 80,000
words and 50,000 words respectively.
Paper and Duplication
Good quality white paper (80 g/m2) of A4 size (210 x 297 mm) should be used for all
copies of the thesis. Duplicating or pin-feed computer papers should not be used. The initial
thesis submitted for examination may be printed by photocopying or employing offset
printing. The final four hardbound copies must include the original copy and three others,
which are typewritten, offset printed or photocopied. All copies must be clean and legible.
Binding
When the thesis has been completed and all necessary signatures obtained, the candidate
should seek the service of a reliable binder. All copies should be checked carefully to ensure
all pages are in correct order.
The thesis should be bound with hard covers. The binding should be of a fixed kind in
which pages are permanently secured. It should have sufficient rigidity to support the
weight of the thesis when standing on a shelf. All theses must be bound in BLACK for
Ph.D. thesis or RED BUCKRAM for Master’s thesis.
The following should be lettered in gold from head to the foot of the thesis spine, using a
16-point font and in Time New Roman typeface:
Name of Candidate
Degree for which the Work is Submitted; and
Year of Submission
(As appendix A)
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The following particulars should be provided on the thesis cover, using 18-point gold block
font and in Times New Roman typeface:
Title of Thesis
Name of Candidate
Name of Degree
Name of University
Month and Year of Submission
(As appendix A)
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CHAPTER 2: FORMAT OF THESIS
Introduction
Generally thesis is composed of three main parts: The preliminary pages or front matter, the
text or main body, the appendices. Each part may be divided into several sections and
arranged in numerical sequence of chapters.
The following is an example of how various pages in a thesis, from preliminary or front
matter to ending pages or back matter are arranged. We recommend that this sequencing be
used as a guide, although not every thesis includes all the items listed below:
ITEM
1. Blank Leaf
REMARKS
2. Title Page
3. Verification Page
Not to be paginated but counted as i
Paginated as page ii
4. Copyright Page (optional)
5. Abstracts
Paginated as page iii
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
(Bahasa Malaysia is optional). One page is
preferred.
6. Preface/Acknowledgements (optional)
Paginated but not listed in Table of
Contents
7. Dedication (optional)
Paginated but not listed in Table of
Contents.
8. Table of Contents
Paginated, but not listed in Table of
Contents
9. List of Tables
10. List of Figures
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
11. List of Plates
12. List of Abbreviations or Glossary
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
13. Main Body (chapters)
14. Bibliography or References
Paginated beginning with page 1
Paginated
Insert
15. Appendices
a leaf with only the word
APPENDICES in the center of the page;
this sheet is counted but not paginated.
The actual appendices are paginated.
16. Blank Leaf
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A. The Preliminaries
The preliminary pages include the title page, approval page, submission page, verification
page, copyright page, abstracts, dedication, table of contents, list of tables, figures, graphs,
maps, diagrams, plates, abbreviations and preface or acknowledgements.
Title Page
This page (see Appendix B), includes the following information:
1) Full title of thesis;
2) Full name of author;
3) Degree for which the thesis is submitted (e.g., Doctor of Philosophy (Management),
Master of Science (Management) by Research); and
4) Month and Year of submission
The title should describe the content of the thesis accurately and concisely, normally
omitting words such as “An Investigation . . .”, “An Analysis. . .”, or “A Study. . .” which
are redundant as all thesis are investigations, analyses, studies of a kind or another. It should
be typed single-spaced.
Verification Page
This page contains the signature required by the program to certify that the thesis meets the
standards set out by UNIRAZAK. The signature should include the Dean of Graduate
School of Business. Photocopies of this page is not acceptable; the signature must be
original and not photocopied (see appendix C).
Copyright Page
Registration of the copyright is optional. This page is numbered (see appendix D).
Abstract
The abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the thesis. It should be
given the same careful attention as the main text. A well-prepared abstract can be the most
important part of the thesis. Reference to literature is not normally made in the abstract.
Abbreviations or acronyms must be preceded by the full terms at the first use.
An abstract is in English while Bahasa Malaysia is optional, the former version appearing
before the latter. It should not normally exceed 350 words and single-spaced. It includes a
brief statement of the problem under investigation, a concise description of the research
method and design, summary of major findings, conclusions and implications. A good
abstract is accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent and
readable.
If the thesis is written in English, the abstract in Bahasa Malaysia must also reach an
acceptable scholarly standard. Common pitfalls such as spelling errors, incorrect usage of
prepositions and prefixes should be avoided. Scientific terms must be used consistently.
The format of abstract heading is shown in Appendix E and F.
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Preface or Acknowledgements
All theses include a brief statement of thanks to the supervisors and in recognition of any
special assistance from any individuals or institutions. It may contain all or some of the
following information:
1) Explanatory notes or reasons for doing the study (usually in Preface);
2) Acknowledgement of guidance and assistance from individuals and institutions
(usually in Acknowledgements)
For thesis, PREFACE is optional while ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS is generally preferred.
The acknowledgments can be written in the first person (e.g., I would like to thank…), or the
third person (e.g., The author wishes to acknowledge … ).
Dedication
If included, the dedication page should be double-spaced and without a heading. This page
is numbered.
Table of Contents
The Table of Contents immediately follows the Acknowledgements or Dedications. It lists
in sequence, with corresponding page numbers, all title of parts of the thesis. It includes the
title of chapters and their principal sections and subsections; the bibliography or reference
list; the list of abbreviations and other functional parts of the whole thesis, the appendices (if
any); and the index (if provided). A Table of Contents should not be listed in the Table of
Contents itself.
If a thesis comprises more than one volume, the contents of the whole thesis are shown in
the first volume and the contents of the subsequent volumes in a separate contents list in the
appropriate volume.
The words VOLUME ONE (I or 1) must be placed centered beneath TABLE OF
CONTENTS.
Major headings within chapters (primary headings) are bold and typed flushed with the left
margin. Subheadings (secondary) are also bold and typed flushed with the left margin.
Tertiary headings are indented five spaces and are not listed in the Table of Contents.
List of Tables
This list shows the exact titles or captions of all tables in the text and appendices, together
with the beginning page number of each table.
List of Figures
This includes graphs, maps or illustrations of other kinds. The exact title or caption and its
corresponding page number are listed. Figures should be numbered consecutively
throughout the thesis, including those in the appendices.
List of Plates
Full-page illustrations, especially photographs, are usually called plates. The list, if any,
follows the List of Figures, and is numbered consecutively throughout the thesis.
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List of Abbreviations, Symbols or Nomenclature
If an assortment of abbreviations and acronyms (e.g. UNIRAZAK, FELDA, MARDI, and
PORIM) symbols or nomenclature is used in the thesis, it is best to list them with their
meaning, even though the full names are given at the first mention in the text. This list
should appear after the list of tables and figures and should serve as ready reference to
readers not familiar with the abbreviations, symbols or nomenclature. Universally
recognized symbols (cm, mm, kg, ha) need not be listed.
B. The Text of Thesis
The text or body of a thesis normally consists of chapters with a number of headings or
subheadings. The student usually determines its internal organization. It normally consists
of the following headings or chapters:
Introduction
The introduction introduces the problem(s) under investigation and indicates its importance
and validity. It sets forth the context, the hypothesis to be tested and the research objectives
to be attained.
Literature Review
It discusses the literature related to the topic. A scholarly review of literature provides an
appropriate history and recognizes the priority of the work of others. When reviewing
earlier works, avoid nonessential details; instead, emphasize pertinent findings, relevant
methodological issues and major conclusions. Develop the logical continuity between
previous and present work. The review is meant to act as a base for the experimental or
analytical section of the thesis. Literature selected must be up to date, analyzed and
synthesized logically. It is not a mere summary of works of different authors.
Method
The method section describes how the study was conducted. The description allows the
reader to evaluate the appropriateness of the methods used and the validity and the
reliability of the results. It should include subheadings to include descriptions of the
subjects, the apparatus (or materials) and the procedures. Provide the reader with adequate
information to be able to comprehend and replicate the study.
Results and Discussion
The results summarize the data collected and the statistical treatment of them. Briefly state
the main results or findings of the study. Then report the data in sufficient details to justify
the conclusions. The implications of the results should be discussed under this section.
Report all relevant results, including those that may run counter to the hypothesis. The
results can be presented in the form of figures, tables or text so that they key information is
highlighted.
Conclusion
It evaluates and interprets the implications of the study in relation to the original hypothesis.
Be free to examine, interpret and qualify the results as well as to draw inferences from them.
Emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results and the validity of the conclusions.
Highlights the main findings, their significance and implications guided by the following
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questions: What has the study contributed? How does the study resolve the original
problem? What conclusions and theoretical implications can be drawn from the study?
Tables
Tables help in reporting the data from a research. It enables the researcher to present a large
amount of data in a small amount of space. It presents exact numerical values, and the data
are arranged in orderly display of columns and rows. The researcher should be selective in
choosing how many tables to be included in the report. A large number of tracks may cause
a reader to loose track of the message. A large amount of tables may also cause problems
with the layout of typeset pages. Finally, tables are complicated to type and therefore more
expensive to produce than the text. Tables usually present quantitative data. However, a
table can also consist of words to present qualitative comparisons.
An informative table does not duplicate the text. In the text, refer to every table and discuss
only the table’s highlight. Each table should be an integral part of the text and should be
intelligible without reference to the text. Thus always explain all abbreviations (except such
standard statistical abbreviations as M, SD, and df) and use of underlining, dashes and
parenthesis. Identify all units of measurements.
Number all tables consecutively with Arabic numerals throughout the thesis (including text
and appendices). Do not use suffix letters to number tables; that is, label tables as Tables 1,
2, and 3 instead of 1, la, and lb. All tables are to be listed under LIST OF TABLES in the
preliminary pages (including tables appearing in the appendices). Tables should be placed
after their mention in the text. In the text, refer to tables by their numbers
Tables are captioned single-spaced above the tables. Give every table a brief but clear
explanatory title. Capitalize only the first letter of the principal words in the caption
(excluding words like “of’, “the”). If preferred, use “down style” in which all letters are of
lowercase except for proper nouns and first letter in the caption.
Table sources and notes should be placed directly below the table (not at the bottom of the
page). Use superscript symbols (e.g.,*,**,***)or lowercase letters (e.g., a, b, c) but never
numerals for table footnotes.
Illustrations
In a thesis any type of illustrations other than a table is called a figure or a plate. It includes
such items as maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, and photographs. Photographs are normally
called PLATES, while the rest are called FIGURES. Each of the categories is numbered
consecutively throughout the thesis, including those in the appendices. Illustrations should
be of good quality. The trend now is to use computers. The standard for good illustrations is
simplicity, clarity and continuity.
The figure or plate number and caption should be typed below the illustration using Arabic
numerals and lowercase, except for proper nouns and first letter in caption. Illustrations
should be inserted near their mention in the text.
If an illustration occupies an entire page, the caption may be typed on the left-hand facing
page (reverse side blank), which is counted but not paginated. A right-hand page in
landscape has the top of the illustration at the binding edge. The illustration number should
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be typed parallel to the way the figure/plate reads. The page number is typed in standard
text position. Illustrations should conform to standard margin requirements.
Footnotes
There are two kinds of footnotes that is, content footnotes and copyright permission
footnotes. Content footnotes supplement or amplify substantive information in the text.
Footnotes should be used sparingly in a thesis, regardless of the field of study because they
are distracting and expensive to include in printed materials. Include them only if they
strengthen the discussion. Extensive footnoting tends to distract the reader from the main
argument of the text. If footnotes are necessary, the indicators (the reference numbers in the
text) are usually superscript (e.g.- 1,2,3). The numbering of footnotes should begin with 1 and
must be continuous within each chapter or appendix, and not throughout the whole text.
Citation in the Text
The University adopts the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style.
Students are required to follow the style correctly and consistently.
The Ending Pages
Bibliography
Bibliography is a term commonly taken to mean a list of works cited as well as works
consulted but not cited. If pertinent works have been consulted but not specifically cited in
the text, they should be separately listed as an appendage to the Bibliography and given the
subheading List of Reference.
The University adopts the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style.
Samples of APA referencing styles are given in APPENDIX O.
C. Appendices
Appendices, if it included in the report, must be useful and must be referred in the text. It
consists of supplementary illustrative material, original data, and quotations too long for
inclusion in the text or not immediately useful to an understanding of the subject. It allows
the reader with detailed information that would be distracting to read if put in the text.
Appendices are placed after the reference list of bibliography. Details of the appendices are
listed by type in the Table of Contents. Appendix materials should be grouped by type (e.g.,
Appendix A: Questionnaire, Appendix B: Original Data, Appendix C: Result Tables).
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Units of Measure
WRITING CONVENTIONS
Use internationally recognized abbreviations for units (e.g. The Syteme International d’
Unites {SI} should be used for all scientific and laboratory data) of measure, such as:
20 milliliters
5 kilograms
20 kilometer
2.5 hectare
3.7 metric tonne
45 parts per million
12 gram
500 U.S. Dollars
3.4 metric tonne/hectare
(20 ml)
(5 kg)
(20 km)
(2.5 ha)
(3.7 mt)
(45 ppm)
(12 g)
(USD500)
(3.4 mt/ha)
The numbers before the measurement units should be spelled out, e.g., 5 kg, not five kg
even they are below 100 (see below), unless they are the first words of sentences.
Numbers
The general on the use of numbers is to use figures to express numbers 10 and above and
words to express numbers below 10. The exceptions and special usage are:
1) All numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above 3 of
40 analyses
2nd and 11th grade
1st and 13th item
2) If it is a series of figures (e.g., 14 chairs, 3 tables, 12 cups, 5 flower pots)
3) Numbers that present time, dates, ages, sample, sub sample or population size.
E.g. in about 2 years
4 weeks ago
1 hr 35 min
3 participants
4) Numbers that denote a specific place in numbered series, parts of books or tables.
Grade 8
Trial 3
Table 4
5) Use words to express if the number is used in the beginning of a sentence. Three
hundred and eighty respondents were interviewed in the study.
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Elliptical Mark
Writers use ellipsis to show an omission from quoted material. The ellipsis consists of three-
spaced full stops (…). When an ellipsis follows a sentence, it appears as four full stops (….) — one full stop marks the end of the sentence and the other three signals the omission. For
example:
Use of Brackets
Within direct quotations, brackets are used to enclose any explanatory note inserted by the
thesis writer, e.g.
This year [1996) alone, we had two hundred applicants wanting to join our holiday camp
(Mustafa, 1996).
Candidates should use “sic” within brackets [sic] to indicate a certain doubt as to the
meaning or factual error. It is used in quotations to show that the original is being faithfully
reproduced even though it is incorrect or seems to be so. Errors, which are obviously
typographical, should be corrected as a matter of professional courtesy.
Use of Symbol for Percentage
The symbol “%” may be used in place of percent, i.e., 27.3% and typed without a space. If
the candidate prefers to write 27.3 percent in full, then consistency should be maintained
throughout. In tables, the abbreviation “Pct” may be used at the head of a table column to
mean percent.
Direct Quotations
Materials directed quoted from another’s author work and from one’s own previously
published work should be reproduced word for word. However, direct quotations must be
minimized at all costs, except in some fields such as literature (e.g., quotations from
Shakespeare). Extensive use of direct quotations can be quite irritating, especially if the
quotations appear in a language other than that used in the thesis. The candidate must learn
to synthesize materials in other languages and paraphrase them in his own words and style,
ability, which is required in graduate education.
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Use of Copyright Information
Request the permission of either the author or publisher for the use of copyright materials.
The student is responsible for any cost incurred.
Reference to Previous Thesis
Students are strongly advised to refer to the thesis of past students who have successfully
completed their degree programs. Students are also advised to seek the help of the Graduate
School on matters related to the preparation of thesis.
Use of Editorial Service
Candidates can employ professional editors to “polish” their thesis presentation. This should
be done before the thesis is sent for examination. The Graduate School encourages that all
thesis be sent to professional editors. This is to ensure that the final report is acceptable for
examination. Your supervisors cannot be held responsible for errors in your thesis and you
cannot expect them to be your editors.
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Spine and Cover of the Thesis
Appendix A
20 mm
Font size is 16 point
NAME OF CANDIDATE NAME OF DEGREE YEAR
20 mm
40 mm from the top of the page
TITLE OF THESIS
NAME OF CANDIDATE
Times New Roman
18 point and Single space
NAME OF DEGREE
NAME OF UNIVERSITY
MONTH AND YEAR OF SUBMISSION
45 mm from the bottom of the page
40 mm from the bottom of the page
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Title page
Appendix B
FULL TITLE OF THESIS
By
FULL NAME OF AUTHOR
Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Management)
Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
JANUARY 2012
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Not to be paginated but counted as i
15
Appendix C
VERIFICATION PAGE
I certify that the Board of Examiners met on _______________ to conduct the final
examination of _____________________ on his thesis entitled “________________
______________________________” in accordance with the University requirements. The
Board recommended that the candidate be awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(Management). The members of the Board of Examiners are as follows:
Dr. Saeed Siddiq Mohamed
Professor, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
(Chairman)
Dr. Eddie Phun
Associate Professor, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
(Internal Examiner)
Dr. Ainin Sulaiman
Professor, Universiti Malaya
(External / Independent Examiner)
This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Tun Abdul Razak and has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(Management). The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Dr. Ravindran Ramasamy
Associate Professor, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
(Main Supervisor)
Dr. Shanmugam Munuswamy
Associate Professor, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
(Co-Supervisor)
_______________________
Dr. Syed Musa Alhabshi
Associate Professor / Dean
Graduate School of Business
Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
Date:
Paginated as page ii and listed in Table of contents
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Appendix D
UNIVERSITI TUN ABDUL RAZAK
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE
OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
Copyright @ ______________ by____________________________ All rights reserved.
(Year)
(Name of the researcher)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(Title of unpublished research)
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided
below.
1. Any material contained in our derived from this unpublished research may only be used
by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. UNIRAZAK or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or
electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The UNIRAZAK library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and
supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and
research libraries.
Affirmed by_________________________________________________________
(Name of the researcher)
_________________
Signature
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____________
Date
Paginated as page iii
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Appendix E
Format of Abstract (English Version)
_________________________________________________________________________
Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Tun Abdul Razak in fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Management).
Title of Thesis
By
Name of Researcher
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to determine if college students perform differently when they are
tested more frequently than less frequently. The purpose of this research study was: (a) to
determine if there is a difference in achievement in the trial exam between low and high
achiever students in weekly group (experimental group) and low and high achiever students
in the monthly group (control group), (b) to determine if there is a difference in achievement
in the final exam between low and high achiever students in weekly group (experimental
group) and low and high achiever students in the monthly group (control group), (c) to
determine if there is a difference in achievement in the assignment marks between low and
high achiever students in weekly group (experimental group) and low and high achiever
students in the monthly group (control group), (d) to determine if there is a difference in
achievement in the total composite marks between low and high achiever students in weekly
group (experimental group).
Paginated as page iv and listed in Table of Contents
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Appendix F
Format of Abstract (Bahasa Malaysia Version- Optional)
_________________________________________________________________________
Abstrak thesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Tun Abdul Razak sebagai
memenuhi syarat-syarat untuk Ijazah Kedoktoran Falsafah (Pengurusan).
Tajuk Thesis
oleh
Nama Penyelidik
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini direkabentuk untuk menentukan sama ada wujud perbezaan dalam pencapaian di
antara pelajar ketika mereka dinilai dengan menggunakan ujian kekerapan atau kurang ujian
penilaian. Tujuan kajian ini adalah: (a) untuk menentukan sama ada terdapat perbezaan
dalam pencapaian dalam peperiksaan percubaan di antara pelajar tahap rendah dan tinggi
dalam kumpulan mingguan (kumpulan eksprimen) dan pelajar dalam kumpulan bulanan
(kumpulan kawalan), (b) untuk menentukan sama ada terdapat perbezaan dalam pencapaian
dalam peperiksaan akhir di antara pelajar tahap rendah dan tinggi dalam kumpulan
mingguan (kumpulan eksprimen) dan pelajar dalam kumpulan bulanan (kumpulan
kawalan), (c) untuk menentukan sama ada terdapat perbezaan dalam pencapaian dalam
markah tugasan (assignment) di antara pelajar tahap rendah dan tinggi dalam kumpulan
mingguan (kumpulan eksprimen) dan pelajar dalam kumpulan bulanan (kumpulan
kawalan), (d) untuk menentukan sama ada terdapat perbezaan dalam pencapaian dalam
markah komposit) di antara pelajar tahap rendah dan tinggi dalam kumpulan mingguan
(kumpulan eksprimen) dan pelajar dalam kumpulan bulanan (kumpulan kawalan), (e) untuk
menentukan sama ada terdapat perbezaan daya ingatan pengetahuan di antara pelajar tahap
rendah dan tinggi dalam kumpulan mingguan dan pelajar dalam kumpulan bulanan.
Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
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Appendix G
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements should be typed, single-spaced and written under the heading of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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21
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Appendix H

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Verification page………………………………………………………. ….. …………………ii
Copyright Page…………………………………………………………. ……………………iii
Abstract……………………………………………………. ……………….. ..…………………iv
List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. .…………………v
List of Figures. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. viii
List of Plates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ix
List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………………………. x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1

CHAPTER 2: HEADING ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Sub Heading …………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 20
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 24
Sub -Heading ………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
Sub-Heading …………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Sub Sub-Heading…………………………………………………………… 34
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 37

CHAPTER 3: HEADING ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
Sub-Heading …………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 55
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 60
Sub-Heading …………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 68
Sub Sub-Heading ………………………………………………………………………………. 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY…. ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76

APPENDIX A: Questionnaire Form………………………………………………………. . 80
APPENDIX B: SPSS Analysis Output…………………………………………………….. 98

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Appendix I

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Sample size for a Given Population size…………………………………… 45
3.2 Numbers of managers ………………………………………………………. 55
3.3 Oil Production ……………………………………………………………… 58

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Appendix J

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

3.1 Forces for Learning…………………………………………………………. 45
3.2 Bloom‟s Taxonomy of Learning ……………………………………………. 55
3.3 Competence Model …………………………………………………………. 58

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Appendix K

LIST OF PLATES

Paginated and listed in Table of Contents
Appendix L
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ARS
ASTB
BDA
BOT
CAPEX
CDM
CIDB
COP3
DOE
EC
EDTT
EPCC
Agricultural Research Service
Astronautical Technology Berhad
Bintulu Development Authority
Build, operate and transfer
Capital Expenditure
Clean Development Mechanism
Construction Industry Development Board
Third Conference of the Parties to the UNFCC
Department of Environment
Energy Commission
Efficiency During Technology Transfer
Engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning
Rev.1 :3 Jan 2012
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25
Appendix M
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements should be typed, single-spaced and written under the heading of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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26
Appendix N
The text of thesis
MAIN PAGE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Paginated beginning with page 1 at the upper right-hand
corner of the page
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix O
1. Journal article with DOI
Wright, S., & Calof, J. (2006). The quest for competitive, business and marketing
intelligence: A country comparison of current practices. European Journal of
Marketing, 40, 453–465. doi: 10.1108/03090560610657787
2. Journal article without DOI (when DOI is not available) – no retrieval date is
needed
Boudiny, K., & Mortelmans, D. (2011). A critical perspective: Towards a broader
understanding of „active ageing‟. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 7(1), 8-14.
Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/232/242
3. Newspaper article, print version
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
4. Online newspaper article
Wilber, D. Q. (2011, October 24). Antisocial side of social media helps police track
gangs. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washngtonpost.com
5. Entire book, print version
Aguilar, F. J. (1967). Scanning the business environment. New York: MacMillan.
6. Electronic version of print book
Smith, K. G., & Hitt, M. A. (2007). Great minds in management: The process of theory
development. Retrieved from http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/ken-g-smith/great
minds-in-management/_/R-400000000000000093037
7. Electronic version of book chapter in a volume in a series
Pleggenkuhle-Miles, E. G., & Peng, M. W. (2009). Embracing debates to advance
global strategy research. In D. D. Bergh & D. J. Ketchen (Eds.), Research
Methodology in Strategy and Management Series: Vol. 5. (pp.301-318).
doi:10.1108/S1479-8387(2009)0000005012
8. Book chapter, print version
Blenkhorn, D. L., & Fleisher, C. S. (2001). The future of competitive intelligence. In C.
S. Fleisher & D. L. Blenkhorn (Eds.), Managing frontiers in competitive intelligence
(pp. 284–295). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
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9. Proceedings published regularly online
Spink, A., Currier, J. K., & Cole, C. (2009). Evolutionary approaches to information
science research and information use. Proceedings of the American Society for
Information Science and Technology, 46(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1002/meet.2009.145046011
10. Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI
Choo, C. W. (1993). Environmental scanning acquisition and use of information by
chief executive officers in the Canadian telecommunications industry. Dissertation
Abstract International: Section A. Humanities & Social Science, 54(09), 3246.
For more examples, refer to “Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association”, 6th ed. (Library Call No.: BF76.7 .P976 2010).
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Appendix P

APPENDICES

Not to be paginated but counted