The Turabian format, stemming from Kate L. Turabian’s comprehensive guidelines, is a beacon of structured citation in academia. Whether employing the notes-bibliography or author-date systems, this style offers versatility while upholding standardized citation practices. Its adaptability across disciplines ensures precise referencing of various sources, fostering credibility and showcasing a writer’s commitment to rigorous research. Mastering Read More
Chat with our experts to get the best quote. Make the payment via online banking, debit/credit cards or through paypal. Recieve an order confirmation number.
Sit back and relax. Your well written, properly referenced research paper will be mailed to your inbox, before deadline. Download the paper. Revise and Submit.
The Turabian format, stemming from Kate L. Turabian’s comprehensive guidelines, is a beacon of structured citation in academia. Whether employing the notes-bibliography or author-date systems, this style offers versatility while upholding standardized citation practices. Its adaptability across disciplines ensures precise referencing of various sources, fostering credibility and showcasing a writer’s commitment to rigorous research. Mastering the Turabian format empowers scholars to seamlessly integrate citations, adding depth and authenticity to their academic work while underscoring their dedication to scholarly excellence.
What is Turabian Referencing?
Named after Kate L. Turabian, who authored the famous style guide “A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations,” the Turabian referencing style is an adaptation of the Chicago Manual of Style. It is predominantly used in history, the arts, and the humanities.
Structure and Guidelines
One of the key features of Turabian style is its simplicity and flexibility. It offers two different citation systems: notes-bibliography and author-date. The notes-bibliography system uses footnotes or endnotes along with a bibliography, while the author-date system uses parenthetical citations within the text and a corresponding reference list.
Notes-Bibliography System:
Footnotes/Endnotes: Citations appear as superscript numbers within the text, linking to corresponding notes at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or end of the document (endnotes).
Bibliography: A comprehensive list of all sources cited in the paper, arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.
Author-Date System:
Parenthetical Citations: In-text citations include the author’s last name and the publication year enclosed in parentheses, usually at the end of a sentence before the punctuation.
Reference List: All sources cited in the paper are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.
Citing Different Sources
Turabian style covers many sources, including books, journals, websites, interviews, etc. Each source follows a specific format and includes essential elements such as author name, title, publication date, and page numbers.
Format: Author(s) or Organization. “Title of Web Page.” Website Title. Publication date or access date. URL.
Tools to Assist
Various citation management tools like Zotero, EndNote, and RefWorks offer specific Turabian citation styles to ease the process of generating citations in Turabian style. These tools allow for easy organization and generation of citations, ensuring accuracy and adherence to Turabian guidelines.
GETTING STARTED
TITLE PAGE
After the title, enter the name of the author, the course, and the date of submission.
FORMAT
Use 12-point Times New Roman font on all pages of the paper. Double space the text, but single space the footnotes and endnotes. Leave a one-inch margin on all four sides of the document.
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MILITARY CODES
Betty Smith American History 101
TITLE
The title appears centered on The first page of text in all capital letters. It should be in 12-point font and not italicized, underlined, bolded, or in quotation marks.
NUMBERING
May be placed: 1. Centered in Footer 2. Centered in Header 3. Flush Right in Header
CHOOSE ONE AND BE CONSISTENT.
FOOTNOTES:- Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries are cited by using Either footnotes or endnotes. InIn the text, the note numbers are Superscript, follow the passage being referenced, and come Immediately after the final punctuation mark. Corresponding footnotes are placed at the bottom of their page of reference. A short line separates the text and footnotes, and the reference begins with a full-sized number. The first line should be indented. Footnotes continue their numbering throughout the paper rather than by page. Most word processing programs will automatically track the note References once they are added or rearranged. If it had not been for this secret coding, perhaps the outcome of the The Second World War would have been dramatically different. Yet because the information unveiled was so critical, the crypto analysts saved the day.3 The ability to decipher the code of the enemy enabled the allies to get the upper hand in WWII. American historian Thomas Powers wrote the following: The American ability to read Japanese cables, code-named Magic was one of the small advantages that helped the Allies win time and then the war. Another was the British ability to Read the German military communications enciphered with the Enigma machine, code-named Ultra. (Powers 1977, 22) Considering Powers’ contribution to the development of coding system within warfare, it is not surprising that each side in the war 1. Alan Cutler, Codes in Abodes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 110.
BLOCK QUOTATIONS
Block quotations are quotations 3 lines or longer and must Include at least two sentences. They are single-spaced and indented four spaces from the left. If the block quotation is an entire paragraph from the original text, the 1st line should be indented. An additional four spaces. Short block quotations should end with a superscript number leading to an endnote or footnote. Paragraph-long block quotations are followed by parenthetical citations (Author’s Last Name, year of publication, page number) Rather than the superscript number leading to a footnote or endnote. The punctuation precedes the citation. Style Guides Turabian Format
END NOTES
Rather than footnotes, your instructor may require endnotes. These are found at the Conclusion of the paper and serve the same purpose as footnotes. In-text citations still appear as superscript numerals, But the actual entries are found after the paper, preceded by full-sized numbers with periods. As with footnotes, The first line is indented. Both endnotes and footnotes must contain information about The source. They may also provide further information or insight that would distract from the flow of the paper, but still be relevant to the topic.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In addition to endnotes or footnotes, and a bibliography is required. The bibliography comes after endnotes and should List all sources that were looked at at or consulted, whether or not They are referenced in the paper. The title should be centered and The first letter should be capitalized. The word should not underlined, italicized, or bolded.
HANGING INDENT
Use a hanging indent for entries longer than one line. Indent 1/2’’ from the set margins after the first line of each entry. 10 Thus, we see the relative importance of coding within the military. Though codes have proven beneficial to lovers, they have also proved fatal for enemies of war. Yet codes will forever add to the mysteries of military warfare. 1. Marshall Savage, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976) 88. 2. Savage, 89. 3. Many codes have been broken because people have become more intelligent recently. While education opportunities have proliferated, IQ levels have also risen with women’s decreased infant mortality rate. While history is the supreme discipline, it is wise to remember that value can be found in “decoding” other academic disciplines. (Frank Graves, The Living Principle: “History” as a Discipline of Thought [London: Chatto & Windus, 1975], 12). Bibliography Baker, Richard, ed. The Dispersion of Nuclear Weapons Strategy and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964. Cutler, Alan. “The War-Time Reliability of Interstate Alliances, 1816-1965.” Paper delivered at the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Washington, D.C. 19-22 February 1975. McDonald, Benjamin. Safeguards Against Nuclear Proliferation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1975. Savage, Marshall. The Foundations of Codes. New York: Dover, 1972. Zenger, Lawrence. Atomic Energy Policy in France under the Fourth Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965. 11
SHORTENED REFERENCES
If an author’s work has already been referenced but does not Immediately precede the note In question, list the author’s last name and the page number. If more than oneThe work by the author is cited Within the document, also include an abbreviated title to Indicate which work. (Example: Jones, Life of Charlemagne, 66.)
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Arrange entries in alphabetical order order by the author’s last name name. If there is no author for a work, list it alphabetically by the title (excluding the, a, and an)
SPACING
Each entry should be single spaced. However, an extra space should be added between individual entries. Style Guides Turabian Format
CITATION GUIDELINES
Papers written in Turabian format require both endnotes or footnotes and a Bibliography page. The information in footnotes and endnotes should follow the same format, but the bibliography format is slightly different. Use the following formats for the most common types of sources. N = Note Format and B = Bibliography Format. NOTE: The following list includes the most common types of sources.
BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR
N First Name Middle Name/Initial (if given) Last Name, Title (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Philipp Ziesche, Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010), 105-8. B Last Name, First Name Middle Name/Initial (if given). Title. Location: Publisher, Year. Ziesche, Philipp. Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010.
BOOK BY TWO AUTHORS
N First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name, Title (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Deborah Howe, James Howe, and Alan Daniel, Bunnicula: A Rabbit Tale of Mystery (New York: Anthem, 1979), 5. B Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title. Location: Publisher, Year. Howe, Deborah, James Howe, and Alan Daniel. Bunnicula: A Rabbit Tale of Mystery. New York: Anthem, 1979.
BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR GIVEN
N Title (Location: Publisher, [Year]), Pages. Basic History of Immigration (San Francisco: Migration Press, 2009), 24. B Title. Location: Publisher, [Year]. Basic History of Immigration. San Francisco: Migration Press, 2009.
TEXT IN COLLECTED WORKS
N First Name Last Name, “Title of Text,” in Title of Collected Works, ed. First Name Last Name (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Mary Beach, “The Domestic Realm,” in Separate Worlds, ed. Hanna Papnanek (Delhi: Chanakya, 1982), 115. B Last Name, First Name. “Title of Text.” In Title of Collected Works, ed. First Name Last Name, pages. Location: Publisher, Year. Beach, Mary. “The Domestic Realm.” In Separate Worlds, ed. Hanna Papnanek, 115. Delhi: Chanakya, 1982. Style Guides Turabian Format
ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
N First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper, Day Month Year. Jeffrey Rosen, “If Scalia Had His Way,” New York Times, 9 January 2011. B. Newspapers are rarely listed separately in a bibliography. If a newspaper is cited only once or twice, A note or parenthetical reference in the text is sufficient.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL
N First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Journal Title Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year): Pages. Sarah Wagner, “Why Kids Can’t Learn,” Education in Wisconsin Quarterly 56, no. 3 (1999): 20. B Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year): Pages. Wagner, Sarah. “Why Kids Can’t Learn.” Education in Wisconsin Quarterly 56, no. 3 (1999): 200-215.
ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE
N First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Magazine Title, Day Month Year of Publication, pages. Chris Craven, “Vampires, Vampires, Vampires,” Vampire Magazine, 24 January 2003, 24. B Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, Day Month Year. Craven, Chris. “Vampires, Vampires, Vampires.” Vampire Magazine, January 24, 2003.
ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE DATABASE
Turabian does not address specific Internet sources but gives some basic guidelines for electronic documents. In general, begin by using the above formats for whatever document type. Then list any relevant web information (date accessed, website, database name, etc.) that would help your reader locate the source. Also, indicate the type of electronic medium. N First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Title of Publication Volume Number (Year of Publication): Pages, URL (date accessed). Brice Crate, “Queer Theory in English Literature,” Queer Theory Quarterly 16 (June 2008): 238, http://jstor.org/038493484% (accessed July 14, 2009). B Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number (Year of Publication): pages. URL (date accessed). Crate, Brice. “Queer Theory in English Literature.” Queer Theory Quarterly 16 (June 2008): 230-260. http://jstor.org/038493484% (accessed July 14, 2009). Source: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. “Turabian Citation Style.” Texas Wesleyan University. http://westlibrary.txwes.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/turabian_citation_style.pdf (accessed July 21, 2011). “Chicago Turabian Style.” Cardinal Stritch University. http://library.stritch.edu/research/researchGuides/Turabian7Guide.pdf (accessed July 21, 2011).
If you also need to read about Harvard, please visit the link.